Traumatic Brain Injuries​

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) usually results from a significant blow or jolt to the head or body, which can lead to a disturbance of normal brain function. The extent of the damage can impact functions like breathing, movement, and sensation, as well as higher-level abilities like thinking, memory, concentration, and personality. Resulting symptoms range from mild to severe. Recovery varies greatly as each TBI is unique and the severity of the injury plays a role in determining the outcome.

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  • The terms concussion and mild traumatic brain injury are often used interchangeably in research and in clinical practice. A mild traumatic brain injury / concussion results from a forceful impact to the head or body that causes the head and brain to rapidly move, potentially leading to chemical changes in the brain and harm to brain cells. Sports injuries, falls, and motor vehicle accidents are common causes.

    These types of injuries are the most frequent type of brain injury. They may or may not be visible on imaging tests like an MRI or CT scan. While the majority of individuals who sustain a brain injury recover in a relatively short period of time without persisting difficulties, it is important to note that recovery time can vary greatly, from days to months, or even years. A loss of consciousness does not always occur, but brief periods of unconsciousness are not uncommon. Post-injury symptoms can include include headache, dizziness, changes in vision and hearing, sleep disturbance, fatigue, problems with attention and memory, and changes in mood and behavior like depression, anxiety, and irritability.

  • Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury can cause a range of symptoms that can overlap with those of mild TBI / concussion. However, they may also include additional features, such signs of injury on brain imaging, unconsciousness lasting more than 24 hours, persistent headaches, nausea or vomiting, convulsions or seizures, difficulty awakening from sleep, poor coordination, confusion, agitation, or slurred speech. People who experience moderate to severe brain injuries are more likely to experience an incomplete recovery from injury.